How to live long and prosper - "I think the first person to live to 1,000 might be 60 already." de Gray

Gerontology is the study of Ageing. Biogerontology is the subfield of gerontology dedicated to studying the specifically biological processes resulting in senescence. Biogerontologists are scientists who study these processes. Biomedical gerontologists are scientists who work to control, prevent, and reverse aging in both humans and animals. eg. Aubrey de Grey who extols The Seven Causes of Aging:-

1. Nuclear Mutations/Epimutations:

   These are changes to the DNA, the molecule that contains our genetic information, or to proteins which bind to the DNA. Certain mutations can lead to cancer.

2. Mitochondrial Mutations:

   Mitochondria are components in our cells that are important for energy production. They contain their own genetic material, and mutations to their DNA can affect a cell’s ability to function properly. Indirectly, these mutations may accelerate many aspects of aging.

3. Intracellular Junk:

   Our cells are constantly breaking down proteins and other molecules that are no longer useful or which can be harmful. Those molecules which can’t be digested simply accumulate as junk inside our cells. Atherosclerosis, macular degeneration and all kinds of neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease) are associated with this problem.

4. Extracellular Junk:

   Harmful junk protein can also accumulate outside of our cells. The amyloid plaque seen in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients is one example.

5. Cell Loss:

   Some of the cells in our bodies cannot be replaced, or can only be replaced very slowly - more slowly than they die. This decrease in cell number causes the heart to become weaker with age, and it also causes Parkinson's disease and impairs the immune system.

6. Cell Senescence:

   This is a phenomenon where the cells are no longer able to divide, but also do not die and let others divide. They may also do other things that they’re not supposed to, like secreting proteins that could be harmful. Immune senescence and type 2 diabetes are caused by this.

7. Extracellular Crosslinks:

   Cells are held together by special linking proteins. When too many cross-links form between cells in a tissue, the tissue can lose its elasticity and cause problems including arterioscerosis and presbyopia.

Get a FREE full issue (Dec 2005) here. For example The SENS Challenge: $20,000 Says the Foreseeable Defeat of Aging Is Not Laughable:-

FOR THE PAST FIVE YEARS, I have been refining and promoting an approach to life extension termed “Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence” (SENS).1,2 SENS differs from other approaches (such as antioxidants, hormesis, or calorie restriction mimetics) in two main ways: firstly it is an approach to reversal (repair) of eventually pathogenic age-related changes (“damage”), as opposed to the retardation of their further accumulation, and secondly it is a piecemeal approach, in which the various types of such damage are addressed individually, rather than being simultaneously combated by the downstream effects of a single “magic bullet.”

As reported by the BBC De Grey says "I think the first person to live to 1,000 might be 60 already."

Life expectancy is increasing in the developed world. But Cambridge University geneticist Aubrey de Grey believes it will soon extend dramatically to 1,000. Here, he explains why.

Ageing is a physical phenomenon happening to our bodies, so at some point in the future, as medicine becomes more and more powerful, we will inevitably be able to address ageing just as effectively as we address many diseases today.

I claim that we are close to that point because of the SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence) project to prevent and cure ageing.

It is not just an idea: it's a very detailed plan to repair all the types of molecular and cellular damage that happen to us over time.

This means that all parts of the project should be fully working in mice within just 10 years and we might take only another 10 years to get them all working in humans.

When we get these therapies, we will no longer all get frail and decrepit and dependent as we get older, and eventually succumb to the innumerable ghastly progressive diseases of old age.

We will still die, of course - from crossing the road carelessly, being bitten by snakes, catching a new flu variant etcetera - but not in the drawn-out way in which most of us die at present.

I think the first person to live to 1,000 might be 60 already

So, will this happen in time for some people alive today? Probably. Since these therapies repair accumulated damage, they are applicable to people in middle age or older who have a fair amount of that damage.

It is very complicated, because ageing is. There are seven major types of molecular and cellular damage that eventually become bad for us - including cells being lost without replacement and mutations in our chromosomes.

Each of these things is potentially fixable by technology that either already exists or is in active development.

'Youthful not frail'

The length of life will be much more variable than now, when most people die at a narrow range of ages (65 to 90 or so), because people won't be getting frailer as time passes.

There is no difference between saving lives and extending lives, because in both cases we are giving people the chance of more life.

The average age will be in the region of a few thousand years. These numbers are guesses, of course, but they're guided by the rate at which the young die these days.

If you are a reasonably risk-aware teenager today in an affluent, non-violent neighbourhood, you have a risk of dying in the next year of well under one in 1,000, which means that if you stayed that way forever you would have a 50/50 chance of living to over 1,000.

And remember, none of that time would be lived in frailty and debility and dependence - you would be youthful, both physically and mentally, right up to the day you mis-time the speed of that oncoming lorry.

Should we cure ageing?

Curing ageing will change society in innumerable ways. Some people are so scared of this that they think we should accept ageing as it is.

I think that is diabolical - it says we should deny people the right to life.

The right to choose to live or to die is the most fundamental right there is; conversely, the duty to give others that opportunity to the best of our ability is the most fundamental duty there is.

There is no difference between saving lives and extending lives, because in both cases we are giving people the chance of more life. To say that we shouldn't cure ageing is ageism, saying that old people are unworthy of medical care.

Playing God?

People also say we will get terribly bored but I say we will have the resources to improve everyone's ability to get the most out of life.

People with a good education and the time to use it never get bored today and can't imagine ever running out of new things they'd like to do.

And finally some people are worried that it would mean playing God and going against nature. But it's unnatural for us to accept the world as we find it.

Ever since we invented fire and the wheel, we've been demonstrating both our ability and our inherent desire to fix things that we don't like about ourselves and our environment.

We would be going against that most fundamental aspect of what it is to be human if we decided that something so horrible as everyone getting frail and decrepit and dependent was something we should live with forever.

If changing our world is playing God, it is just one more way in which God made us in His image.

Aubrey de Grey leads the SENS project at Cambridge University and also runs the Methuselah Mouse prize for extending age in mice.

'Don't fall for the cult of immortality'
says S Jay Olshansky in a reply to above de Grey article. What do the ancient purveyors of physical immortality all have in common? They are all dead. False promises'

Diabetes Test

Sharon got her Capillary Plasma Glucose (Random) tested. It was 4.9 millimoles per Litre . All ok. But mine was 6.1 mm/L. Which is borderline fail (range 6.0-12.0mm/L). I'm on a fast tonight. The next day the fasting test gave a result of 5.9mm Glucose/L. A retest is required in 3 years, according to the nurse.

From Lloyds Pharmacy - a Free Diabetes Test:

There are 1.8M diagnosed with diabetes in the UK. There are thought to be up to 1 million people undiagnosed with Type 2 diabetes in the UK. That is why Lloydspharmacy are working with Diabetes UK, (diabetes myths) the charity for people with diabetes, to offer a free diabetes tests to help identify your risk of developing the condition.

Unfortunately, by the time that many people are diagnosed with diabetes they have already developed serious complications. Long term complications associated with diabetes include:

• High blood pressure
• Coronary heart disease and stroke
• High cholesterol
• Eye damage and blindness
• Kidney failure
• Nerve damage
• Leg ulcers

We can check your blood glucose level by doing a simple test which is available to anyone aged over 16. Our pharmacists can also advise you on ways of reducing your chance of developing diabetes later in life and offer guidance on leading a healthy lifestyle. The service is free and no appointment needed (dont eat or drink for 2 hours before the test).

To get a diabetes test, please use the pharmacy finder to find your local Lloydspharmacy.

What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition in which the amount of glucose (sugar) in the body is too high because the body is unable to use it properly. Glucose provides the body with energy and is mainly obtained from the digestion of starchy foods such as bread, rice and potatoes and from sugar and other sweet foods.

After eating, the level of glucose in the blood increases and the pancreas releases a hormone called insulin. Insulin regulates your glucose levels to prevent them from becoming too high or too low. If you have diabetes, the body either produces too little insulin, or resists its effects. The body then uses other sources of energy and unused glucose builds up in the blood.

Download the diabetes leaflet (PDF document)

Diagnostic criteria ex Wikipedia

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia (high glucose levels), and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:^[1]

• fasting plasma glucose level at or above 126 mg/dL or 7.0 mmol/l.
• plasma glucose at or above 200 mg/dL or 11.1 mmol/l two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load in a glucose tolerance test.
• random plasma glucose at or above 200 mg/dL or 11.1 mmol/l.

By definition, two fasting glucose measurements above 126 mg/dL or 7.0 mmol/l is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.

Patients with fasting sugars between 6.1 and 7.0 mmol/l (110 and 125 mg/dL) are considered to have "impaired fasting glucose" and patients with plasma glucose at or above 140mg/dL or 7.8 mmol/l two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load are considered to have "impaired glucose tolerance". "Prediabetes" is either impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance; the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus as well as cardiovascular disease.